Problems Related to Population Growth

Population growth is a major issue within today’s world, with the rapid and exponentially increasing rate of population growth causing problems with overcrowded areas affecting the business environment as well as everyday life. The world’s population is at an estimated 7 billion people (BBC, 2011) and ‘at today’s rate, population would skyrocket by 2100, to 27 billion from today’s 7 billion’. (Harvard Gazette, 2012). Sourced from BBC (2013)The above diagram shows the extent of the increase in the rate of population growth from the year 500B.C. to a forecasted 8. 5 billion people in 2025. This highlights that, by 2025 the world’s population is on track to more than treble since 1950. This increase in population growth over the last 200 years could be attributed to an increase in fertility, for example, ‘just over 723,000 babies were born in England and Wales in 2010, up from fewer than 600,000 in 2000. The average number of childre n each woman is likely to have has gone up from 1. 64 to 1. 98. ’ (Daily Mail, 2012).This increase in fertility has not been coupled with an increase in the death rate which, due to factors such as ‘better medicines and improved sanitation’ (Brooks, Weatherstone and Wilkinson, 2011, p. 169) and more stringent health and safety procedures, has actually declined as ‘many of the once incurable diseases have cures today. ’(Buzzle, 2012). The increased population growth has brought with it many problems, for example in China the necessity for increased production to satisfy demand from a higher population has put strain on resources as well as producing high levels of pollution which is a negative externality.This has resulted in a law being passed restricting the number of children a family can have to 1 per couple. Another problem with population growth is that more housing is necessary to accommodate increased numbers of people. This has resulted in la nd that is used or could be used for farming being converted into housing. This is particularly disadvantageous because as Malthus’ theory suggests, the population is growing faster than the food supply.He theorises that the extra people must die, whereas Ester Boserup argued that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’ and asserted that the increase in population pressure acts as an incentive to developing new technology such as genetically modified crops (Rogers, Jalal & Boyd, 2008, p. 20). This has given rise to ethical debates concerning the use of disease-resistant, higher yielding modified crops which have been produced to cope with the increased population’s demand.Also with this loss of land comes extinction of species due to their natural habitats being destroyed. A further issue with fast population growth is that with increased population comes increased poverty and inequality. The poorest most impoverished of the population don’t have acc ess to adequate birth control which means they are continuing to reproduce whilst having the same small amount of resources, this is leading to malnutrition and infant mortality, as well as adding strain to the already inadequate educational and healthcare systems.

Employee Empowerment and Motivation Essay

Employee empowerment is â€Å"the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of feeling self-empowered to take control of one’s own destiny† (Heathfield, n.d., 1). In other words, giving the employees the power and ability to make decisions that affect not only their department but the company as a whole as well. Empowerment has become an increasingly used human resources (HR) catchphrase when analyzing the corporate world of today. Empowerment of the employees can increase employee morale, improve company performance, and improve employee relations, however is not an overnight process. All levels of employees, supervisors, and executive management have to work together and be properly prepared in order to make an empowerment program successful. Improving Employee Morale In many corporate organizations, the lower level employees often feel unappreciated and underutilized. Often, employees can feel like just another number, destined to do the same thing day after day with all decisions being made by upper management. When companies adopt an employee empowerment approach, these feelings can be reduced or even eliminated. Allowing, and even mandating employees to have a say in company decisions makes them feel important to the success of the company. Employees want to be heard and they want their opinions to matter. The most effective morale booster is for an employee to see his or her idea become a company policy. When this happens, the employee feels more valued and being recognized as an important contributing part to the company. Improving Company Performance Another benefit of employee empowerment programs is usually a noticeable improvement in company performance. The simple explanation for this fact is that employees who are most familiar with the day-to-day processes have the best hands on knowledge to be able to implement educated changes and improvements to those processes. Often, many members of management and the corporate officers are hired into their jobs based on education and experience with other companies; they often never worked their way up within the current company and have therefore, never experienced the day-to-day processes. Therefore, decisions made by those officers are often solely based on hypothetical situations and projected  profits; they are often so focused on the bigger picture that they overlook the details. However, when the employees performing the job are asked to make decisions, they look at from the bottom and up and take those forgotten details into consideration. Improving Employee Relations When employees are not involved in company decisions, often they operate within their own confined department. Often, the employees take actions without thinking about the repercussions of their actions to other departments; this is done mostly out of lack of communication of what those repercussions might be and not understanding how each process inter-relates. When employees are given the empowerment to make company decisions, it encourages open communication. Once employees know that they are going to be held responsible for their decisions and that those decisions will impact the whole company, they will take the time to work with other departments to investigate how things affect the company as a whole. This serves to not only achieve better decision making but also opens lines of communication and strengthens the company feeling of being more of a family unit. Making Preparations For Employee Empowerment Although employee empowerment seems like a simple concept, it cannot be implemented without preparation. All levels of employees within the company must be prepared and in agreement with the idea in order to make it work. Expectations must be communicated from the top most levels of management down to the base employees and vice versa in order for empowerment to work. Flat OrganizationOne of the first steps in successful employee empowerment programs is the flattening of the organization structure and its organizational chart. When the organization has too many decision makers and not enough line employees, conflict is inevitable and empowerment will not be successful. This change in organization may include the restructure of elimination of jobs to eliminate the dictatorial chain of command and bring all employees closer to the result. This transference of responsibility to the employees allows management to focus on other things such as researching new ideas and processes that are presented by the employees. Employee and Management ResistanceWhenever a company adopts an employee empowerment program, resistance from all levels is expected. Supervisor and Management level employees will often resist empowerment programs because they feel are giving up control that they worked hard to achieve. The human nature to enjoy a feeling of control and empowerment threatens that control. Supervisors and managers must be counseled in advance to make sure that they understand that their input is still crucial and important and that empowerment of their employees will be for the betterment of all parts of the company. One would think that employees would jump at the chance to participate in employee empowerment programs. However, many employees often balk at the opportunity. They often lack the self-confidence to make decisions they know will affect the whole company. Others believe that empowerment is just another word to justify piling more responsibility on the employees. According to Abrahamson (2004) in which he discussed how organizations can go through change overload and how employees can experience change fatigue and burnout. To prevent this, employees must be convinced of the positive effects of employee empowerment. The company must strive to make the employees understand that the program is being implemented because the company values their experience and opinions and truly values their input. EducationOften, both management and employee resistance is caused by the feeling the employees do not have the knowledge needed to make the proper decisions for the company. Education is the key answer to this fear. By educating the employees about the company as a whole and the operations of those outside of their own department, confidence in the employees’ decisions is heightened. Education about the empowerment process in general will also help to quell fears by clearly defining everyone’s role within the company following the changes so that everyone knows what is expected of them and is confident with their future within the company. Conclusion Employee empowerment is an important part of the successful operation of today’s organizations. By allowing the employees to have in an  input in company decisions not only lifts their morale, but more use of their experience and knowledge with day-to-day operations to make better decisions. This allows the company to service their clients better and ensure the continued success of the company within their market. Companies looking to start empowerment programs should take the time to educate employees completely and discuss the program benefits with all employees at all levels. This will help ensure that all employees are committed to the program and to ensure its success. â€Æ'References Abrahamson, E. (2004), Change Without Pain. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, Retrieved April 4, 2009 from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Trends-in-Organizational-Change.html. Heathfield, S.M. (n.d.). Human resources: Employee empowerment. Retrieved April 4, 2009 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/a/empowerment_def.htm.

Apj Abdul Kalam Quotes

I wonder why some people tend to see science as something which takes man away from God. As I look at it, the path of science can always wind through the heart. For me, science has always been the path to spiritual enrichment and self-realisation. The best way to win was to not need to win. The best performances are accomplished when you are relaxed and free of doubt. One of the important functions of prayer, I believe, is to act as a stimulus to creative ideas. Within the mind are all the resources required for successful living. Ideas are present in the consciousness, which when released and given scope to grow and take hape, can lead to successful events. God, our Creator, has stored within our minds and personalities, great potential strength and ability. Prayer helps to tap and develop these powers. I have always been a religious person in the sense that I maintain a working partnership with God. I was aware that the best work required more ability than I possessed and therefore I needed help that only God could give me. I made a true estimate of my own ability, then raised it by 50 per cent and put myself in Gods hands. In this partnership, I have always received all the power I needed, and in fact have actually felt it flowing through me. Today, I can affirm that the kingdom of God is within you in the form of this power, to help achieve your goals and realise your dreams. I have used the word flow at many places without really elaborating its meaning. What is this flow? And what are these Joys? I could call them moments of magic. I see an anology between these moments and the high that you experience when you play badminton or go Jogging. Flow is a sensation we experience when we act with total involvement. During flow, action follows action according to an internal logic that seems to need no conscious intervention on the part of the worker. There is no hurry, there are no distracting demands on ones attention. The past and the future disappear. So does the distinction between self and the activity. I have always considered the price of perfection prohibitive and allowed mistakes as a part of the learning process. I prefer a dash of daring and persistence to perfection. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal. Individuals like myself are often called Workaholics. I question this term because that implies a pathological condition or an illness. If I do what I desire more than anything lse in the world and which makes me happy, such work can never be an aberration. Words from the twenty-sixth Psalm come to my mind while I work: Examine me, O Lord, and prove me. Total commitment is the common denominator among all successtul men and women. Happiness, satisfaction, and success in life depend on making the right choices, the winning choices. There are forces in life working for you and against you. One must distinguish the beneficial forces from the malevolent ones and choose correctly between them. God can do tremendous things through the person who doesnt care about who gets he credit. Ego involvement must go, writes [Robert] Schuller. Before God trusts you with success, you have to prove yourself humble enough to handle the big prize. It has been my personal experience that the true flavour, the real fun, the continuous excitement of work lie in the process of doing it rather than in having it over and done with. A person with belief never grovels before anyone, whining and whimpering that its all too much, that he lacks support, that he is being treated unfairly. Instead, such a person tackles problems head on and then affirms, As a child of God, I am greater han anything that can happen to me. Looking back on my days as a young scientist, I am aware that one of the most constant and powerful urges I experienced was my desire to be more than what I was at that moment. I desired to feel more, learn more, express more. I desired to grow, improve, purify, expand. I never used any outside influence to advance my career. All I had was the inner urge to seek more within myself. The key to my motivation has always been to look at how far I had still to go rather than how far I had come. After all, what is life but a mixture of unsolved problems, ambiguous victories, and morphous defeats? The trouble is that we often merely analyse life instead of dealing with it. People dissect their failures for causes and effects, but seldom deal with them and gain experience to master them and thereby avoid their recurrence. This is my belief: that through difficulties and problems God gives us the opportunity to grow. So when your hopes and dreams and goals are dashed, search among the wreckage, you may find a golden opportunity hidden in the ruins. Great dreams of great dreamers are always transcended. Are you aware of your inner signals? Do you trust them? Do you have the focus of ontrol over your life in your own hands? Take this from me, the more decisions you can make avoiding external pressures, which will constantly try to manipulate and immobilise you, the better your life will be, the better your society will become. The entire nation will beniflt from having strong, inner-directed people as their leaders. e sa difficult game. You can win it only by retaining your birthright to be a person. And to retain this right, you will have to be willing to take the social or external risks involved in ignoring pressures to do things the way others say they should be done. Gods providence is your inheritance.

M7A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M7A1 - Essay Example Underlying concept of initial investment includes cash outlay, working capital, salvage value and tax implications. The factors that are involved with the initial investment are; purchase price, cash from the sales of old equipment, marginal income tax, increase in working capital, cost of shipping and installation of new equipment. The factors that are involved with the operating cash flows are; sales revenue, cost of production, income before taxes, marginal tax rate, depreciation, increase in working capital. The factors that are involved in terminal cash flow are; decrease in working capital, salvage value, marginal income tax rate. The criteria capital budgeting includes (1) cost of capital, (2) opportunity cost, and break-even point. Cost of capital determines the cost of borrowing to pay for the project. This value set the benchmark for the lowest possible return. This benchmark shows if the investment is worth with compare to other investments. Opportunity cost determines the cost for taking advantage of one option over another. Break-even point determines if the project would contribute to the growth of the company. Break even is the point at which sales equals cost. Break-even point involves determining fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are values that do not depend on production quantity. These costs are like, rent, salary, insurance, etc. Most of the variable costs, are associated with raw material, utility and transportation. Capital budgeting techniques are explicit formulas for analysis of financial values that determine if a company should proceed with the planned investment or not. Some of them are (â€Å" Investment decision – Capital Budgeting† ) Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback methods. All three methods use Operating Cash Flow (OCF) values. The OCF evaluates net cash flow for each year of project operation. The

Justice, Rights and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justice, Rights and State - Essay Example But the fact is that no force to such extent can be use by any country that the limits on losses or benefits are gone. If can country will do so, it will affect its ability reproduce its society and therefore such a country can not maintain a stable rule. But for a state that does not involve self destructive process is the nation which on the pattern of implementing true justice. (Jensen, & Jefferson, 2009) There are three things which are very important for a country to implement true justice and stable rule. The first one is that the country should follow the pattern of justice that is best suited for a state, this type of country need stability with regards to the pressures that it faces. If the justice of this type of country is not strict than others than there is no reason to say that it has no pattern of justice to follow. Secondly, as we all know that the state pattern of justice is more important than the patterns of court's practices for any country. (Jensen, & Jefferson, 2009) When we see justice is a broader perspective than we realize that it's more than judiciary. The state pattern of a country also includes distribution of administration through agencies. The third important point is that while following the pattern of justice can also bring dissatisfaction, there the justice is considered as hard but not impossible to implement. But the fact is that the state can not be run or rule with out following the pattern of justice and completely implementing it. The relationship will go on, no matter what ever the issues are in a country. Justice also brings a state at odd particularly with itself. Social order with its component economy is also important in implementing justice. The rights of an individual play a vital role in implementing justice in any country in the world. When the rights of an individual or a certain group are ignored or not properly watch by the concerned authorities in the country, and even if the special agencies are also not partici pating in assuring the rights of everyone in the country then it is very hard to implement justice successfully in a country. But when it comes to economy of a country there is a strong conflict in supporting an economy and achieving justice. The state is pulled in opposite directions in many different ways. Today the pattern of justice is more complex than before; especially in western societies it is more complex. Decision making of a state is also a important part of achieving justice and implementing it completely because it give a state the ability to build institutions and courts that ensures that the rights of everyone living in the state are given and the justice to everyone is also given and make a state able to implement a stable rule throughout the country and that there should be no conflict in maintaining peace and justice in a state. So we can say that any state in the world regardless of eastern or western can not sustain itself without pursuing the pattern of real ju stice. It is important for the concerned authorities in the country to set these goals after realizing the true justice. (Guild, & Lesieur, 1998) Rawls have attempted to reconcile the quality and justice and liberty. His focus was on stability, and he successfully implemented the idea of overlapping consensus. He was quite successful in guiding the liberal

Genetics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetics and Society - Essay Example Diploid cells which are destined to produce the male and female reproductive cells undergo a type of cell division referred to as meiosis by which the chromosomes present in the parent cell is reduced to half to form four reproductive haploid cells called gametes. This process of separation and assortment of the homologous chromosomes occurs at random and the resulting haploid cells do not contain only paternal or maternal chromosomes but a mixture of genes from both parental chromosomes. This independent assortment of genes was first observed by Mendel when he was studying the genetics of pea plants and from his study he formulated the principle of independent assortment. The process of meiosis which is responsible for the production of gametes occurs via this principle of independent assortment. Meiosis begins with the replication of a pair of chromosomes in the diploid germ cells which are destined to become male or female gametes. The replicated chromosomal pairs are called siste r chromatids which are initially joined at the central point called the centromere. As the meiotic spindle forms at each pole of the cell with the help of microtubules, the two pairs of homologous chromosomes form tetrads within which any two chromosomes can overlap or recombine to form recombinant DNA which gives rise to new genetic combinations. This process is called crossing-over. Following this the pair of chromatids are pulled towards each pole of the cell and the chromosomal pair is enclosed within a nuclei. The cell then undergoes cytokinesis during which the cytoplasm divides into two giving rise to two daughter cells each containing a haploid chromosome. Thus meiosis is an important process during which pairs of homologous chromosomes are independently assorted to give rise to haploid gametes and also the chromosomes in the tetrad stage recombine to form new combination of genes which is

The Estee Lauder Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Estee Lauder Group - Essay Example Estee Lauder Group was established in the year 1946 in New York by Estee Lauder and initially marketed four products along with a belief that â€Å"every woman can be beautiful†. The company operates in cosmetic industry and deals with luxury products. At present, it has many brands under its corporate authority (Estee Lauder Companies, 2011).Globalisation has made it possible for firms to expand their businesses in international market through extensive expansion of their products and services. The global expansion strategies of firms assist in gaining higher market share in the targeted markets within a short term period. Due to the global expansion strategy, the sales of the firms increase which result in increasing the profit of the firms.The Estee Lauder brands are well known and they have captured many markets. The global expansion will facilitate the existing brands to increase the sales that will assist in bringing more profits to the company with the existing product line.Mrs. Lauder had invented several products and brands. She had developed skin care solution and fragrance or scents that were accepted globally and gradually became famous.The Estee Lauder’s brand portfolio is diversified. The portfolio consists of classic, core brands, Lab Series, Aramis and Estee Lauder that have been able to set standards and has gained brand value in the entire prestige beauty industry. The origins, urban prescriptive and customized are the company’s category-defining lifestyle brand. ... The global expansion will facilitate the existing brands to increase the sales that will assist in bringing more profits to the company with the existing product line. Section 1: Estee Lauder: A Functional Domestic Structure 1.0 Internal & External Analysis 1.01 History Mrs. Lauder had invented several products and brands. She had developed skin care solution and fragrance or scents that were accepted globally and gradually became famous (Estee Lauder Companies, 2011). The Estee Lauder’s brand portfolio is diversified. The portfolio consists of classic, core brands, Lab Series, Aramis and Estee Lauder that have been able to set standards and has gained brand value in the entire prestige beauty industry. The origins, urban prescriptive and customized are the company’s category-defining lifestyle brand. From 2004, they had introduced several brands and have sold them through alternative distribution channels (Estee Lauder Companies, 2011). Aveda and Bumble and bumble, eac h in its own way, are foremost organisations in the prestige salon business. As men are more interested in grooming and treatment products, Lab Series Skincare and Clinique Skin Supplies for men are both balanced to confine a larger share of this emergent category (University of Pennsylvania, 2008). 1.02 Vision, Mission and Objectives The vision and mission statements of Estee Lauder is â€Å"bringing the best to everyone we touch†. By â€Å"the best† the company means the best products, ideas and people. These three foundations have been the trademark of Estee Lauder from the time it was established. These three pillars remain the foundation upon which the company has been able to succeed till date (Sample, 2006). The objectives of the

Stop the Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Stop the Massacre - Essay Example Palestinians only get to hear of the data regarding their fellow citizens who have passed due to the conflict. However, the reporting is also compromised by media houses that are rooting for a western perspective, which has labeled Palestinians as terrorists yet the majority of Gaza residents are peace-loving citizens and have no arms that threaten Israel’s peace and tranquillity. The Israel army claims that it is undertaking surgical strikes aimed at only killing Hamas fighters (Yaakov 1). However, the grim reality on the ground paints a different picture. Most of the dead are innocent civilians who include children, women and the elderly. The support of the western nations for the conflict points at the eroded moral values of the strongest nations, which ought to stand for the enforcement of human rights. The above story paints a bleak future for Gaza’s residents who have become used to the torrential blasts of Israel mortar. This is a story about the contrast in the lives of Israelis and Palestinians. On the onset of the operation dubbed protective edge, Israelis, in amusement, watched from cinemas and cliffs facing Gaza as their army bombarded Gaza from the air leading to the death of innocent people (Yaakov 1). The Israelis, whom the army claims to be protecting, were celebrating as it pounded and destroyed the lives of Palestinians. This was in contrast to the picture painted by Israel’s media, which claimed that its citizens live under the constant threats of rockets. The war against Gaza was based on a false premise publicized by the Western-backed media so that world can turn a blind eye on the atrocities that are occurring during the military incursion into Gaza. The result of this war is the creation of a modern-day concentration camp and the death of even the unborn babies in the wombs of Palestine’s women. Palestinians cannot leave Gaza since they will be exposed to attacks.  

Plasmodium Falciparum - Causative Agent of Severe Malaria Research Paper

Plasmodium Falciparum - Causative Agent of Severe Malaria - Research Paper Example Even in today’s medically advanced world, malaria remains one of the primary concerns of researchers and health practitioners in areas where the disease is endemic. Despite immense research and availability of advanced healthcare facilities, malaria has a high mortality rate causing a million deaths each year and infecting a total of 300 million people around the world. The purpose of this research paper is to provide information on structure, aetiology and other aspects of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium Falciparum Mode of transmission The female Anopheles mosquito serves as a vector and a definitive host for Plasmodium falciparum. The two phases of the lifecycle of plasmodia are the sexual cycle and asexual cycle. The sexual phase occurs in female mosquito and asexual phase is completed in Humans. Due to the production of sporozoites, the sexual cycle is known as sporogony while on the other hand, the asexual cycle is known as schizogony because of the pr oduction of schizonts. Plasmodium sporozoites are introduced into intermediate host i.e. humans, through the saliva of the infected mosquito when it bites an individual. Within 30 minutes, the sporozoites enter the hepatocytes where multiplication and differentiation are initiated resulting in the conversion sporozoites into merozoites (Levinson et al 1999). Physiology and lifecycle The merozoites produced in the liver are released into the peripheral circulation. Once released, the merozoites enter the red blood cells in order to mediate the erythrocytic phase of the disease. In erythrocytic phase, merozoites transform into a ring shaped trophozoite. Later, the trophozoite develops into an amoeboid form which further grows into a schizont. Each schizont is filled with several merozoites. The red blood cells burst and release the merozoites into general circulation where they infect other red blood cells in a similar manner. The release of merozoites into the blood is the cause of r ecurrent typical symptoms seen in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The development of male and female gametocytes leads to the initiation of a sexual cycle of P. falciparum in the human red blood cells. When a female Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal the gametocytes are sucked up and lead to the production of female macrogamete and eight male microgametes which have an appearance similar to that of sperm cells. The male and female gametes undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygote. The process of differentiation occurs and converts the diploid zygote into a motile ookinete. The ookinete forms a hole in the gut wall and converts into many haploid sporozoites. The sporozoites leave the gut wall and enter the salivary glands of the Anopheles mosquito. Once, the sporozoites enter the salivary glands their sexual cycle is completed and they are now ready to cause malaria when the mosquito bites a human (Levinson et al 1999). Diagnosis Thick and thin Giemsa stain smears ar e observed under the microscope in order to determine the presence of the parasite in the blood. To determine the presence of the parasite, thick Giemsa smear is used while on the other hand thin smears are used for the identification of parasite species. The blood sample from an individual suffering from malaria show characteristic ring shaped trophozoites residing within the erythrocytes.     

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Company Law - Essay Example The rights, duties and powers are conferred to the company and its members who become part and parcel of the Articles of Association2. The articles of association of a company are a binding force for the existing members and future members who wish to join in the days ahead. Moreover, the heirs of members, successors and the legal agents are to comply with the provisions of article. The article of association binds the company and its members as they sign the required documents. In other words, it is a kind of contract that exists between the company and its members. As per the terms of article, the association members can enjoy certain rights and duties towards company; where against the company has certain obligations towards its members. Similarly, the company expects its members to fulfill their duties and obligations that are required for smooth functioning of a company3. The constitution of a company relies on articles of association. The Articles identify a set of procedures t o conduct business, preparation of accounts, hold meetings and directors’ appointment. ... Company Act 2006 Under the Companies Act 2006, different sorts of companies can be formed. It provides guidance with regard to the formation of a Limited / Unlimited company, the shareholders, the directors and the employees. Incorporation of Unlimited Company makes the company liable for all losses and debts under the civil law. If a company is formed limited by guarantee, the guarantor’s liability will be limited to the extent of guarantee7. Insolvency Act 1986 It addresses the  insolvency of firms and individuals in line with the bankruptcy law of the United Kingdom. There are two kinds of bankruptcy law, which comprised cash flow insolvency and balance sheet insolvency. The definition of insolvency under the  Insolvency Act 1986 is that if an individual or the company is unable to pay off the debts on due dates, in order to save the company from becoming insolvent, the company will satisfy the court provided that the value of its assets is more than the amount of its d ebts8. In terms of cash flow insolvency, let us look at the case law Re Chine Finance plc9 where the court examined the financial status of cited company to determine its present and future capabilities to pay off debts when they were due. Hence, the creditors would be in a position to call earlier insolvency of the company10. Brief History The case in point is about Paul, who in the year 2010 established sizzling business of supplying delicious food to individuals and companies. In the subsequent year, Paul formed a company namely Murdock Kitchens Ltd and became its sole director by issuing ordinary shares of pound sterling 40,000. During the course of business, he entered into an agreement with Yorkshire Water to supply food for lunches. Later on, Paul got seriously injured

Bigamy & Alimony Essay Example for Free

Bigamy Alimony Essay If fact of first marriage was concealed from the spouse – term of imprisonment may extend to 10 years In Sarla Mudgal v UOI AIR 1995 SC 1531, the SC criticized the practice of conversion to Islam for the sake of contracting II bigamous marriage ‘coz that enables them to marry again without getting their first marriage dissolved. The ruling was reaffirmed in the case of Lily Thomas v UOI AIR 2000 SC 1650. Also held: plurality of marriage is not unconditional right conferred on the Muslim husband. There is a precondition that he should have the capacity to do justice between the co-wives. Under Hanafi Law – 5 marriages are not void but merely irregular and can be regularized by divorcing one wife. Exception – a Sunni taking a 5th wife is not guilty of Bigamy u/s 494, 495 of IPC ( Shahumeedu v Subajda ( 1970) But a Shia Husband who takes 5th marriage (where 5th marriage is void) can be prosecuted for bigamy. So, one who marries during the lifetime of his or her spouse commits an offence of bigamy – provided his first marriage is not null void. In M. M. Malhotra v UOI AIR 2006 SC 80, Husband married a woman whose marriage was in subsistence but was void. Hence, held subsequent marriage would not be bigamous. If former marriage is voidable, then also bigamy is committed. Varadrajan v State of Madras AIR 1965 SC 1964, Bigamy where requisite formalities of marriage have been performed at the time of the solemnization of II marriage. Priya v Suresh AIR 1971 SC 1153, held second marriage cannot be treated to be proved by mere admission of parties. Performance of appropriate ceremonies is to be proved. Dr. D.N. Mukherji v State AIR 1969 All. 486, held: performance of some mock ceremony is not enough and, therefore, prosecution of bigamy will fail. So bigamous marriage is void under H, Christian and Parsi laws. Under SMA – declaration of nullity of marriage can be obtained by either party. The spouse of 1st  marriage has no right to file a petition for nullity. Remedy is to file a declaratory suit to that effect u/s 34 of the Special Relief Act, 1963. Under Matrimonial law the spouse of 1st marriage may sue for dissolution on the ground that other party is living in adultery u/s 13 (1) (i) of HMA. Law Commission of India In 227th report, given on 5th Aug.’2009, recommended in HMA after S. 17 ( punishment) S. 17 – A be inserted that a married person, who is governed by this Act cannot marry again even after changing religion, unless- i. 1st one is dissolved; or ii. Declared null and void In accordance with law. And if such a marriage is contracted it will be null void; and Shall attract application of S. 494,495 of IPC. no defense can be taken in the charge of bigamy that it was a i. in good faith; or ii. mistake of law. Only aggrieved party can complaint But once case is filed State prosecutes the bigamous spouse. Should bigamy be permitted in some limited cases? In Goa, Daman Diu – during Portuguese rule Hindu Husband was permitted to take II wife during the lifetime of 1st one but – i. in specified cases ii. With the consent of wife Kane – (in History of Dharmashstra) suggested – it should be tolerated for some classes on economic grounds. Derrett also supports (Critique of Modern Hindu Law) Some arguments hold good for polyandry also, but present writers do not support this view. iii.

Mobile phones Essay Example for Free

Mobile phones Essay In this high-tech fast world, undeniably, mobile phones became an inevitable part of everybody’s life without any age limit. Although, it has lots of merits, in my point of view, the intense use of mobile phones among children may be discouraged because of its adverse impacts on them. To begin with, mobile phones have numerous benefits. Presently, it is not merely a simple device, which allows an easy connectivity between people. It is supporting a number of other programs such as calculators, alarm clocks, voice recorder and so on. these programs boost their academic performances, if they use it cleverly. For instance, alarm clocks in mobile phones are useful for them to woke up early in the morning or adjust the time duration to write an essay. The easy accessibility of parents and friends make them comfortable and enable them to meet any emergency or unexpected conditions. Parents also will be much relaxed, as they know their children are safe. On the other hand, these wonderful devices have negative sides also. Most importantly, the radiations from these devices are harmful for their developing brains. Researches proved that, these radiations might lead to cancers. The destruction of studies is another matter of concern. The games in the mobile phones create additions to children. Chatting and telephonic conversations with anonymous people may result in insurmountable impacts to their young minds. These contacts may indulge them in bad company and mafia especially drug and sex, spoil their future. Furthermore, easy connectivity to internet attracts them to unhealthy web sites and their total character may change. Additionally, children can effortlessly cheat their parents by convincing a false. To illustrate, if they are enjoying a television program at his friends home, they can make to believe their parents that they are on the way to their tuition class. To conclude, mobile phones are beneficial devices, if we use it sensibly. Children, as they are not mature to handle it effectively, it may leave drastic disadvantages on them. Hence, I believe that mobile phones are not favorable for children, especially if it is used uncontrolled without proper guidance and time limit.

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Before elaborating the relativity of Tourism and Environment, it is necessary to understand both terms individually. Relativity is to distinguish contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependability upon each other. Tourism: Tourism is now a phenomenon, not just a simple holiday activity. It also has to be considered that tourism and tourist are two different characteristics. Approaches differentiate accordingly and it can be defined according to both understandings: It [tourism] is a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. (2008). From mentioned definition tourism is mainly focused on natural or social aspects, where author has examined tourism on the basis of environmental characteristics. Another understanding could be from the perspective of a visitor or tourist, again I would like to mention a definition from Holdens writing; where he used another authors definition to differentiate from the previous point of view. Tourism as: an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. (2008). This definition is from the perspective of a tourist as a single entity and more individualistic. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is not a very old study for world but travel defiantly is. Tourism is more of gaining an exceptional experience than a regular living, while travel can consists of various reasons behind it. But according to Hunter and Green (1995, pp: 1) There is no universally accepted definition of tourism. This is not surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still matters of debate. Environment: In terms of tourism, Environment is always understood as a nature or atmosphere of a destination or a place which is used for tourism. Nature consists of mountains, water resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes plants, forests, parks, rainforests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animals, forest species and so on. Socially; heritage sites or cultural uniqueness is also a part of an environment. In environmental studies it has commonly been assumed that there exists a fundamental connection between a societys management of natural resources and its perception of nature. Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008). Environmental studies and explanations are vast and distributions of its characteristics are crucial. If we look at it from a different perspective it seems environment consists of whole world (living or non living beings) including humans, animals, plants and resources. From evolution humans are using environmental resources. When observed this use or loss, it is categorised as Environmental study. Resistance and Resilience are two distinctions in this study, where Resistance is tolerance of the site (while getting used and still being undisturbed) and Resilience is the ability to recover from the happened loss or change. Some sites have either qualities or some not. Hence due to its characteristics, Hunter and Green (1995) stated that environment can be subdivided into three components as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, soil, water and climate. Tourism and Environment are interdependent: Tourism is based on the environment; Tourism has and will always devour the natural resources. Tourism is the main factor carrying out the natural environment in both positive and negative aspect. Even simplest form of tourism like visiting a zoo consumes environmental resources such as animals, birds or plants. Such a kind simple form of tourism also renders constructive as well as unconstructive effects. The negative effect cases might be the capturing animals from their natural habitat and keeping them in a zoo, whereas positive aspect can be that by capturing the animals they are getting protected against hunters and other environmental conditions that can be critical to them. In various other smaller or greater impressions tourism has both negative and positive effects, but more important is to understand the actual destruction or refurbishments causing from tourism towards environment. It is understandable that human involvement with environment tend to use the resources, if it cant help to make them grow at least they can be saved from future damages by use of intelligent human behaviour. Study of tourism environment is about understanding the cause and effect rule and to imply theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass tourism. It is also significant that Tourism should place along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall get benefit from it not the damage. No doubt every human action has its own pros and cons and fragility of nature resources must not be seriously harm by it. Tourism is without a doubt among the worlds highest profitable industries (whether on the cost of environment) and relationship between tourism and environment can get equilibrate if financial profits gets used for the conservation programs or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and produce waste, possibly all these activities has a potential to spoil the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exception. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass level definitely leaves its positive and negative impacts, such as tourism did in the past. Although not the case that every environmental problem is produced by tourism but still being a mass industry it affects on a wider platform. Negative Impacts: The harmful impact of tourism can destroy the natural environment when the negative impacts on the environment are sufficiently intensive and extensive. Such as damaging biodiversity of particular areas which includes holiday retreats, clearing of vegetation for constructing resorts and hotels or other tourism facilities, and also many rare species have been brought to the verge of disappearance due to non-tourism nuisance which are directly related to tourism. Habitat devastation brought by unrestrained and ill planned tourism is the prime cause of extinction of species which eventually destroy the natural balance, but destruction of biodiversity can have far reaching effects than this. Another negative impact is the depletion of natural resources like water, land and resources like food, energy or raw materials etc. which are already in short supply. Degradation of land resources like wood or plantations is another example of the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environme nt. Solid waste littering is more common in the case of trekking, rock climbing or hiking tourists. Tourism also pollutes the tourism sites with noise and air pollutions, problems are more compounded in countries or regions which lack or does not have the ability to effectively treat such forms of pollutants generated from tourism activities. Tourism development is more or less responsible for most of the harmful impacts that tourism has on the natural environment. The cutting down of forested areas, changing the landscape etc all have negative impacts on the ecological balance of the tourism destination, whereas levels of impact may vary from site to site, but the negative impacts of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. The negative impacts are intensely visible in ecologically fragile environments. Whether from generating a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is getting a hard time by this. By pollution, numbers of persons using limited resources, behaviour of tourists while on holidays and so on are some of the causes which directly or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural aspects. Unless managing at all level it is difficult to provide specific consideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative aspect towards tourism, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural settings to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Effluence caused by tourism main concerns faced by tourism trade today. The sewage waste from tourist resorts are drained into the rivers causing pollution in the river water and eventually to sea bed, it highly affects the marine life. Extreme use of natural resource that is fossil fuel to generate energy for tourist activity, the activities of overfishing, unnecessary use of ground water resources, are only few of problems which are created by tourism industry which in turn causes the reduction of the resource. As tourism grows, it also give hands to increased littering, various forms of pollution e.g. noise, water, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to uncontrollable levels. Alongside need for transportation gets high and number of vehicles produces numerous gases and noise in air. In areas where resources are limited, tourism develops a sense of competition, leading to all sorts of degradation. Such harmful impacts are majorly brought by poor management or lack of proper conservation mechanism in place. Positive impacts: However with all these harmful effects, the environment is also gaining the optimistic outcome of tourism. Tourism is moving towards a sustainable side by helping and preserving the natural resources for the future generation. Various nations and its conservative organisations are implementing strict plans for conserving their flora and fauna and protecting their natural resources. We should not only see at the dark side of the moon if tourism has its costs, its pays back as well, as tourism grows it definitely encourage several other industries to rise side by side. Whenever a destination is selected to develop as a tourism destination government and planning sources put efforts for the regeneration of the place. It consists of revitalisation of an area or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this process brings new colours to the site. Any vital site when comes under tourism perspective, its natural resources gets special attention from the managing bodies, where as educated tourism developers knows the value of a natural resource and keeping this in mind they prevent any misuse or damage to it. According to Swarbrooke (1999) the term sustainable tourism can be defined as the approach towards tourism in which more focus is shown in preservation of the natural resources in a way that they can be consumed by the present generation and can be preserved for the future generation as well. Tourism can therefore no longer be seen as a harmful factor to environment. Economically, many areas in the world have benefitted from tourism and conservations are taking place on a higher level in many countries. There is an urgent need to understand the relationships between tourists, tourism and the environment. Many new forms of tourist consumption revolve around environmental quality and the respect for nature. One more reason for the negative picture of tourism might be that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of tourism from other forms of economic activity in certain destination areas. Shaw g., Williams A.M. (2002) Numerous examples and case studies are available where tourism has proven a saviour to drowning economies, along with economical benefits; it is helpful in urbanisation of dead towns. Due to tourism many businesses develop and people get employed, on a social level tourism keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourists social involvement and habits are controlled by the behaviour in which s/he is coming from and an insight can be developed in order to gain positive response from tourists. Appropriate educational information system towards environment is rising as very useful tool. How tourism can enhance environmental conservation- If tourism destroys the environment with negative impacts, it also plays a very big role in the preservation of the natural environment of the destination areas. As tourism industry benefits from the tourism sites, it should be its morally responsible to take a pivotal role in the conservation of the natural setting from which it gets benefits. An appropriate and well managed tourism approach can reduce the pessimistic impact of tourism on the natural environment. Appropriate use of earned revenue- Though the profits earned from the tourism conduct is the major contribution of the tourism trade to the efforts of preservation of the environment, educating the tourist is also an essential aspect in the effort of conservation of the natural environment. The revenue earned from various tourist activities brings in the wealth which enables organisations to focus on the conservational efforts. Without the money, conservation process is nothing. Though, concern must be taken to see that the managers of such destinations or sites are not tempted to enlarge the visitation upper limit as the money starts to flow, thinking that the money thus earned from tourist activities like entry fees will be enough to address the very issues caused by the increased visitation. If this persuasion is not overlooked, than the natural environment will suffer more thereby negating the effective use of money from tourism for the conservation of the environment. The conser vationists who have the expertise and authority should make an effort to take control and focus on the maintenance of the environment. Developing eco-tourism- Another most important method is to bring a change from the basic idea of mainstream conventional tourism. This can be achieved by propagating the initiative of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism which are far more environmental friendly and aims at nourishing both the external and the internal environment of the destination. Adopting the idea of such forms of tourism plays a significant role in the conservation of the natural environment. Fundamental principles of these forms are inclined towards reducing the ill effects of tourism on the environment without compromising the value of experience that the visitors can get from visiting the sites. In further part of this essay I have mentioned and elaborated how this alternate tourism is developing these days. Sound planning- Sound environmental management of tourism amenities like resorts and hotels can enhance the benefits to natural areas; requirement is careful planning of tourism development which is based on the environmental resources existing in the destination area. For example clearing of vast areas of vegetation or forest to build resorts, holiday retreats, etc and changing of the landscape to appear more appealing to the tourist. While doing this, the natural environment or to be precise the biodiversity or the ecology of the area is being affected. So care should be taken to see that tourism development causes least impact on the environment. This again can be done by creating eco friendly resorts or buildings which will have the least impact on the surroundings. Tourism also has the potential of raising awareness of the environmental problems among the people by bringing them into close contact with the surroundings. Tourism cannot be sustainable if the surroundings or the en vironment of the destination is not sustainable in itself. Developing awareness among tourists- Conservationists should offer means by which people using the particular destination, both locals and tourists can be made aware of the importance of maintaining the environment. In fact they can encourage the people to contribute towards maintaining the environmental balance. Conscious effort to transform and develop the destination should be the aim of the environmentalists and the development projects, keeping in mind the positive possibility as well as the downfall of the environment with extreme tourism. A way in which tourism can contribute to the conservation process is by having an appropriate mechanism for the dealing with pollution and sewages generated from tourism activities. Various means can be used to minimise the impact of tourism on the environment. Appropriate interpretation can remove negative facts of the site and educate and inform the tourist on the diverse aspects related to the environment. This can lead to the visitors gre ater understanding of the environment and thus act in a more responsible manner and hence minimise the impact caused by them. Implementation of visitation limits, proper rules regulations and mentioning the environmental issues caused by tourism at its early stage can imply a big difference in the conservation of the natural environment. Helping wildlife preservations- Tourism also plays a vital role in the preservation and protection of various species of endangered species which is a vital part of the natural environment. Nature loving tourists visit wildlife reserves and in doing so contribute to the conservation process. Tourism can play major role in the conservation process in various other ways. The tourism industry can also organise campaigns to raise awareness of the environmental issues affecting nature or wildlife and in doing so can also built up a good image which has been often criticised in the last few decades for the negative impacts it has caused to the wildlife destinations. Alternate tourism is developing- A new breed of tourists is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in light in 80s due to previously happened mass destruction in environmental resources. Sustainable Development concept came in attention from 1980s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy (WCS) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined hands for worlds living resources. WCS was a conservation strategy where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, soil erosion and genetic diversity and extinction of species and many related issues were in discussion. The relationship between economic development and the conservation and sustenance of natural resources is concept of sustainable development. Though these thoughts were already in air from many years at that time but WCS discussed many drastic changes happening to environment and WCS was proven as a bridge between prior thoughts and later actions. Another major outcome was establishment of WCED (World commission on environment and development) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland (PM Norway) was appointed chairperson for this commission and in 1987 he publicised a report known as Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) in which Sustainability were originally popularised- Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (According to WCED 1987:43) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Certainly sustainability consists of strategy making, preservation of ecological processes, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productivity and balance between social behaviour and environment. Along with the global acceptance of International tourism, sustainability also got recognised as a key element towards long term beneficial policies along with saving limited resources. Destination areas have developed to accommodate all these travellers, and receiving them and catering their needs has also become part of a daily routine. Development is a highly contested concept and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to achieve it, has gone through a number of phases. International tourism has been a global phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of tourism for mass consumption dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass consumption of travel emerged, roughly parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) As people are not tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing rules and regulation, especially when visitors are on holidays, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what sort of touristic approach is needed is Tourism at one with nature; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding degradation and destruction of the environment, but rather tourism in harmony, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. (1994) Conclusion Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by tourism stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the outline as a major concern of how tourism is to be developed potentially. Thus all these negative and positive effects of tourism on the environment, brings us to a conclusion that tourism can be treated in negative as well as positive aspect in regards to the environment. The negative impacts can be reduced by taking initiative towards conserving natural resources. There are various tools that can be used to protect the environment like collecting income in the form of taxes. All these examples however show us a positive picture about how the tourism industry and the environment are co-dependent to each other for their mutual existence. Though there are many negative aspects to tourism, we can still say that tourism has the tools to protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and the environment. Therefore Tourism and natural environment can both co-exist and be mutually beneficial to each other if the tourism industry has the willingness to pull in full support to the conservation efforts of the natural environment. In doing so, it can help maintain the environment and also recover from the negative image that it has built up for itself during the last few decades. Proper and efficient planning and management accompanied by strict implantation, strict rules and regulations, proper interpretation, propagating the idea of sustainable consumption, well planned eco tourism and sustainable tourism and educating the tourist and making them aware of the impacts of their actions which may have negative impacts on the environment are some of the few ways in which tourism sector can contribute in the conservation process of the natural environment. There cannot be a limit to the extent tourism can contribute to the process and there cannot be an end to its contribution towards environ mental conservation because as long as tourism exists, the negative impacts of tourist will be evident on the natural environment. There is no doubt accepting the fact that tourism brings in money. But even then, care must be taken to make sure that the economic growth brought by the tourism industry must contribute to the natural environment processes and the sustainable use of natural resources. Academic References: Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Bull (1991:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Franklin (2003:33) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geography of sustainable tourism development: an introduction. Harlow: Longman. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G., Williams A.M. (2002) 2nd ed. Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective: Oxford. Swarbrooke, J. (1999) Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Wheeller, B. (1994) Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment: a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al., eds. Tourism: The State of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

Essay --

L'à ®le Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne est situà ©e au milieu de l'Atlantique Sud, à   1930 km des cà ´tes africaines soit à   1900 km de l'Angola et à   3500 km du Brà ©sil. C'est un petit territoire de 410 km ² constituant un territoire britannique d'outre-mer. Napolà ©on Ier, l’Empereur dà ©chu pour les Franà §ais, le gà ©nà ©ral Buonaparte pour les Anglais, ne và ©cut que six annà ©es sur l’à ®lot rocheux de Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne, bien loin du thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre de sa vie. Pourtant, ces annà ©es d’isolement et de retraite forcà ©e furent certainement la pà ©riode de son existence la plus riche en matià ¨re de bibliographie. Cette premià ¨re partie d’une bibliographie qui en comptera trois, dresse la liste des à ©crits produits durant les annà ©es d’exil et le retour des Cendres. Ce fut tout d’abord le temps des mà ©moires dictà ©s à   ses compagnons d’exil, dans lesquels Napolà ©on imposa à   la postà ©rità © son interprà ©tation des faits. De l’arrivà ©e à   Portsmouth à   l’agonie, les tà ©moins, qu’ils soient Franà §ais ou Anglais, fidà ¨les parmi les fidà ¨les ou simples visiteurs, eurent à   cÅ“ur de livrer leurs impressions. Leurs tà ©moignages sont multiples et permettent de dresser le dà ©cor et de voir vivre les protagonistes de l’histoire. L’à ©loignement gà ©ographique ne signifia pas l’oubli et le dà ©sintà ©rà ªt de l’Europe pour Napolà ©on. Le sujet restait brà »lant et les mà ©moires vives. Les libraires proposaient de nombreux ouvrages, des compilations et adaptations des textes de Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne, des descriptions de l’à ®le et tout un fatras de poà ¨mes, odes et pamphlets sur l’homme qui s’imposa sur le continent pendant quinze ans. Enterrà © au Val des Gà ©raniums, sous une simple dalle sans mention de son nom, Napolà ©on ne pouvait rester anonyme. En 1840, une frà ©gate franà §aise aborda l’à ®le pour procà ©der à   la translation des Cendres vers Paris et les... ...ivant dans un pays aux frontià ¨res amputà ©es depuis 1815, de nombreux Franà §ais se souvinrent avec regret des grands moments de l’à ©poque impà ©riale. Alors que de nombreuses lithographies à ©taient diffusà ©es, nombreux furent ceux qui oublià ¨rent le despote, se remà ©morant l’homme qui avait prit Vienne, Berlin, Madrid et Moscou. Le corps de Napolà ©on, enterrà © sur l’à ®le de Sainte Hà ©là ¨ne, fut finalement rapatrià © à   Paris en 1840. Il fut alors installà © aux Invalides, oà ¹ l’on peut encore l’y trouver aujourd’hui. Depuis le XIX ° sià ¨cle, le destin de Napolà ©on n’en finit pas de fasciner et d’exciter les esprits : Empereur à   35 ans, maà ®tre de l’Europe à   43 ans, mort en exil à   52 ans. Ainsi, l’on estime qu’il fut statistiquement publià © un livre par jour parlant de Napolà ©on depuis le jour de son dà ©cà ¨s. Aujourd’hui encore, Napolà ©on reste l’homme le plus connu au monde aprà ¨s Jà ©sus Christ†¦

Essay --

More tragic play The tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is the most popular works of William Shakespeare. Probably the popularity of this play lies in the use of character of Hamlet in exemplifying the human mind through its complex workings. Hamlet’s internal dilemma of making the decision whether he should revenge the death of his father or not was a crucial turn in his life as the state of mind was the main reason which effected the decision power one makes in his life. His uncle Claudius was the one who murdered his father and the moment when the ghost of Hamlet’s father appears and asks Hamlet as to when the revenge of his foul and most unnatural murder is to take place. From this point onward Hamlet is under a constant dilemma. He does not find himself ready to take the revenge. If Hamlet had killed Claudius at the first opportunity than the revenge would have been taken but his internal dilemma would have never been solved. This play became very popular and the reason for the popularity was Shakespeare’s use of the character Hamlet and through this character he has tried to exemplify the complex workings of human’s mind. Shakespeare used emotion, reason and attitude of Hamlet to allow the readers to form an opinion or make a judgment about the basic aspects of the life of human beings. The reason the prince could not take the revenge of his father’s death was that he was a man of great moral integrity and to take revenge was an act which was against his deepest principals. Some of the other behaviors of the prince was that after the death of his father Hamlet became so disenchanted with his life that he lost all his desire and will to take any kind of revenge. Due to the delay in revenge Shakespeare was able to develop th... ...a proper burial for her brother and in ‘Oedipus the King’ son has killed his father and married his mother while Glass Menagerie is the only play which is giving us the picture of real life and this the reason that I have chosen this play as my favorite. This play is more tragic of the above plays as it is a tragedy emerging from real life. The condition of the apartment shown in the play is very much common in the country. In poor countries even worse apartments are found. In the play all the characters are going through a frustration and no one is happy from his present state of mind. The wife is lonely as her husband has left the home. The son and daughter are not satisfied as the son is planning to escape and the daughter is playing the records over and over again to show her frustration. This play is a true tragedy found in the richest country of the world.

Betrayal Exposed in Vietnam Perkasie, By Ehrhart Essay -- Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a controversial conflict that plagued the United States for many years. The loss of life caused by the war was devastating. For those who came back alive, their lives were profoundly changed. The impact the war had on servicemen would affect them for the rest of their lives; each soldier may have only played one small part in the war, but the war played a huge part in their lives. They went in feeling one way, and came home feeling completely different. In the book Vietnam Perkasie, W.D. Ehrhart describes his change from a proud young American Marine to a man filled with immense confusion, anger, and guilt over the atrocities he witnessed and participated in during the war. Growing up, Ehrhart lived in a small town called Perkasie, where he had a very safe and comfortable life. He had always felt prideful of his country. He would ride around with red, white, and blue crepe paper hanging from his bicycle and was brought to tears by the ceremonies on Memorial Day. As a child, he played war with his friends and loved the battery powered toy gun he got one Christmas. It only seemed natural to him that he would join the service someday. His pride and loyalty to his country came to a peak when John F. Kennedy was assassinated. That year he wrote on his notebook â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country† (page 8). This instilled in him a need to do something more, a need to serve his country. When it came to choose a college, he decided he would rather join the Marines. When describing his decision he said, â€Å"I guess it sort of means something to me- you know, that old lump in the throat when you hear the Star- Spangled Banner† (Ehrhart, 60). He felt that he enlisted... ...f his stay in Vietnam, he had wished he had never heard that word. He became horrified by this war. The once proud American was no longer so proud of his country. The Vietnam War was not like the movies he saw as a child; â€Å"the screams were real, and when men fell down they didn’t get up, and the sticky wet substance splattering against your leg was somebody’s intestines† (Ehrhart, 246). Although he had his family and friends around him upon his return home, it seemed that Ehrhart was alone in â€Å"The World.† Unless someone was there, they could not possibly understand the thoughts and memories he had to live with. The gruesome memories from Vietnam had permeated him completely; they engraved into his mind and would undoubtedly scar him forever. Work Cited Ehrhart, W.D. "Vietnam Perkasie". University of Massachusetts Press; second edition edition (June 9, 1995)

Cost Leadership Essay

Strategy and Structure The purpose of business-level strategies is to create differences between the firm’s position and those of its competitors. To position itself differently from competitors, a firm must decide whether it intends to â€Å"perform activities differently† or to â€Å"perform different activities†. Cost leadership strategy Tiger airways has chosen the former it exploiting a cott leadership strategy. It has an integrated set of actions taken to produce services with features that are acceptable to customer at the lowest cost relative to that of competitors. Tiger’s costs structure foolows the shirt-haul low-cost model of Ryanair. It targets a broad customer segment and concentrates on finding ways to lower its costs relative to competitors by constantly rethinking how to complete its primary (inbound and outbound logistics) and support activities to reduce costs even further. Like most other carriers, Tiger airways uses a number of method to reduce costs. Keeping labor cost low Tiger airways does not spend much on advertising or marketing. Its flight booking is all through its online portal or call center. It does not engage agency in ticket distibution in order to minimize the cost especially that of labor. Tiger airways also reduces labor costs by using a streamline fleet that reduces the training and retraining expenses. Employees are generally paid according to their performance and generally less than traditional airlines. Tiger airways also tries to keep its employee size at a minimum requirement. Retraining opportunities are limited. This leads to shortage of qualified pilots in high-demand periods. Moreover, the company does not have a â€Å"cadet pilot programme† (CCP) like many other airlines such as SIA; thus tiger airways does not have pipeline of pilots for the near future. No frills services and revenues Tiger airways has managed to price its tickets at comprtitive prices by providing no frills services. That means, tiger airways also recognizes that the willingness to spend might vary among its consumer base and actively tap onto that. In the financial year ended 31 March 2010, 26% of tiger airways group’s revenues comes from ancillary revenue, which was at $127.6 million as compared to the total revenue of $494.6 million. Tiger airways charges for many optional extras. These extra can related to alternative services like method of payment when buying ticket. It also charges for extra services like luggage fee and seat fee. Tiger airways also offers food and beverage for purchase as part of the â€Å"tiger bites† buy-on-board programme at above-market prices.

Shortening Lead-Times to Create an Agile

1. Introduction The last decade has witnessed a signifi buttt transformation that strong contrive has expire a secern t come on in occurrent demeanor industry. Although it was regarded as a niche concept offered by a fewer winners such as Zara and H&M, solid sort has straighta expressive style been adopted as a key operation panache by many an oppositewise(prenominal) confounds in the demeanor of life- season market (Baker, 2008), victimization advanced and overmuch(prenominal) lavishly-octane communicate relates to be more antiphonal to changing trends towards client come onfox hold of. Hence, luxurianting contrive patsys perform relatively better than separate musical musical mode brands in mixed aspects. (Mattila et al. 002 340 351) Esprit is a spurt brand owned by Esprit Holding Ltd. , manufacturing app arl, accessories, footwear and ho dropw bes under the Esprit label. In the previous vogue market, Esprit is generally spyd as th e originator of truehearted counterfeit. As wizard of the pi sensati hotshotrs in the stylus industry, however, Esprit has illogical its way in modern classs. (Best sell Brands, 2012) In essence, Esprit is a strong and sack upful brand, but the brand has gradually bewildered its soul over the past few years, Ronald Van Der Vis chief exe deoxidizeive of Esprit admitted. invigorated- hammereds. com. au, 2011) The conjunction is now foc employ on a brand revival with signifi bottomt couchment funds planned for marketing and the retail experience, as well(p) as plans to exit nearly European markets and sell off the U. S. line of credit. (Best retail Brands, 2012) The most nonable action is that the ships ac club has ap intended Jose Manuel Martinez Gutierrez, who was group director of dissemination and operations at Zara, as the chief operating officer position in September 2012. This grounds shows that Esprit is going to struggle with fast manner lapseers cor responding Zara and H&M.From an useable perspective, lively total mountain figure of speech strategies moderate been relatively well studied, and after let on allot signifi dejectiont judge to firms by heart and soul of repairy cede mountain ambit. (Fisher and Raman 1996) Esprit has started realizing that how to sour its carrefourions and go to rival clients in the all of a suddenest era is most substantial in todays invent market. As a final exam result, rapidly changing rivalrous mode market and changing customer expectations require Esprit to seek light in its whole give chain. This cleanspaper focuses on the brand reformation in the aspect of creating supple upply chain for Esprit, with an abridgment of the key problem that Esprit is currently approach and provide ternary resultant roles, which ar 1. blueprint hot carrefours fol scurvying means shows 2. ease uping shrimpyer- collection plate usable mode 3. Using sp right-hand(a)ly result schema 2. Literature Review 2. 1 The conception of fast hammer warm look is a contemporary bourne used by form retailers to own that frames move from catwalk to store in the scurrying enclosureinus to capture current trends in the market. (Bruce et al. 001) In an running(a) level, Barnes and Lea-Greenwood (2006) come to the forelined spry expression as a business outline which aims to reduce the processes mixed in the bargain foring daily round and runway quantify to get fresh look overlayroad into stores, in inn to satisfy consumer prerequisite. 2. 2 Agile run chain in fast musical mode The put up chain is central to the creation of fast expression. If suppliers drive out non resolve speedilyly enough, inefficiency go out occur, and clothing leave be unsalable and finally result in the annex of line. behavior market has been defined that it has four characteristics which ar short life-cycles, gamey volatility, low predictability and high impulse acquire (Martin et al. 2004), as a result, building up agile sum chain is exceedingly all important(p) in todays fashion market. Bruce et al. (2004) has described agile supply chain that it is shorter, more flexible and demand compulsive than the normal supply chain. Christopher et al. (2004) pointed out that agile supply chain is twitn by testifyation such as market demand and instruction sacramental manduction in the midst of businesses in the supply chain. 2. 3 Three overcritical lead- beats agree to Martin et al (2004), retailers should deoxidize on using different shipway to alter the quality of bet to fill in with dissimilar uncertainties from the market. However, because the vitality of market demands, the prospicience of forecast exit always be accurate in fashion market. As a result, the way of reducing lead- duration should be found rather than just relying on the market forecasting. 2. 3. 1 Time-to-market In the passing replaceable fash ion industry, life cycles of fashion reapings wee been reduced, which means that there is a need for firms to reduce the time-to-market of sweet harvests to get market at the fasted speed.Time-to-market is defined as the length of time taken in production groomment process from product idea to the finished product. (Garel, 2003) Griffin (2002) used time-to-market to analyze its relationship with the degree of product obscureness and originality. In which product complexity and originality were found be think with multifunctional teams and the use of formal process. Sherman et al. (2002) presented that the quantity of people, such as suppliers, top management people and multi-functional teams who involved in the process is highly associated with time-to-market. It is overly grave to point out that Martin et al. 2004) has careworn a figure presenting the peril that companies give confront if slow to market. 2. 3. 2 Time-to-serve According to Martin et al. (2004), time-to -serve could be unders in any cased as the time to capture customers identify and deliver the product to retail stores. Time-to-serve applies twain normals of lean thinking and just-in-time process to time compression. However, it also inspects the incurring of be and adding of value with proceeding time. This offers enterprises with a more house-to-house perception where progress can be made in sanctify to slip by a high service levels concerning availability. Marcelo, 2011) Bergvall-Forsberg and Towers (2007) conjure that sourcing garments c mislayr to consumer markets, particularly in Europe, could thin the time-to-serve. 2. 3. 3 Time-to-react Time-to-react is one of the lead-times given by Martin et al. (2004), which means the time to adjust the product of the business in reaction to volatilizable demand. Because most supply chains are driven by aiming, understanding what customer actually request and do the diligent re stem is a challenge that many fashion retail ers are facing. (Martin et al. 2004) Forza and Vinelli 1997125) has defined that truehearted solvent schema acts on the individual phases/activities without the entire chain-right from the producers of yarn up to the gross revenue outlets-with the aim of reducing the time spans that elapse from the fabric protrude submit to the purchasing of the garments by the final consumers. Time-to-react can be accelerated by dint of the precept of dissolute reply dodge, which has been divided into cardinal parts reducing excess descent from raw material to market, declining the risk of in the buff product forecasting and speeding up the deli truly. Birtwistle et al. , 2003) 3. Problem After decades of maturement, Esprit has become a mature, well-known and international fashion brand that offers customers various kinds of fashion products. However, as showed in the annual report of Esprit in 2011, the gelt profit of Esprit Holding Ltd. was 79 millions, has slumped sharp by 98%, compared with the same period last year. muchover, Esprit has closed more than cytosine physicals stores in the most areas of northwards the States and most areas of Europe and China because its minimal gross gross revenue. (News. com. au, 2011)These situations directly result in the way out of customers and the damage of its brand image. In the current dilemma of Esprit, Weixiong Cheng, the executive vice-president of ME&CITY, forecasted that speed and flexibility are the most essential factors in this changeable fashion market, however, with conservative soma and sluggish supply chain, Esprit failed to result to dynamic market needs, whereas the leading fast fashion retailer such as Zara and H&M is struggling to continuously generate fresh fashion cheeseparings to customers, which have brought unique free-enterprise(a) pressure to Esprit.Stephen and Aikaterini (2011) point out that because the fashion industry is characterized by glowing and dynamic emulation, participants are obliged to develop innovative structures and processes assisting market growth, maintaining competitive return and exploiting unseasoned product empyreans and consumers. Martin et al. (2004) consider that the big gap amongst traditionalistic fashion and fast fashion is the elation of the supply chain. Esprit puts too much wildness on unique brands image, man ignoring the speed and flexibility in the market. The low-speed of updating saucily products cant meet consumers demand.So it not nevertheless misses the dress hat sales opportunities but also increases the risk of inventory. In this context, Esprit essential(prenominal)(prenominal) find close to ways to recover. 4. Solutions Martin et al (2004) explain that through effectively manage three critical lead-times the competitive improvement of enterprises can be improved. They are time-to-market, time-to-serve and time-to-react. The speed of Esprits supply chain could be improved through these t hree aspects. 4. 1 Design mod products personifying fashion shows The first solution is designing reinvigorated products following new fashion shows.A successful supply chain should be sensitive to the market and solvent to the product design as presently as possible. Compared with copy the design from early(a) fast fashion brands, depending on fashion shows to design new products will be faster. So the time to design new products will affect the speed of fashion supply chain directly. Yinyin (2010) consider that fast fashion is a new term used to describe clothing collections that are based on the most recent fashion trends. It means the general fashion factors will change rapidly which lead to the short life-circle of fashion products. The product is oftentimes ephemeral, designed to capture the mood of the blink of an eye consequently, the period in which it will be saleable is likely to be truly short and seasonal, measured in months or tear beat weeks(Martin et al . 2004). It requires that suppliers should grasp the fashion trends and design new products in short time. Fast fashion companies employ a spectacular take of designers and buyers they are responsible for amass a complete range of fashion information and getting inspiration from fashion shows. Also, Hines and Bruce (2001123) state that, the-term trend is closely related to future designs.The right decision should be made on the design and style of the clothing (Forza and Vinelli, 1997). If a companion can catch the first opportunity to r apiece new market, it would be succeed in sales. With the advances in mass communication, consumers can considerably go forward up with the latest fashion trends (Liz and Gaynor, 2006260). Mass consumers not just like cheap in fact, they are more interested in trendy and inexpensive. For sheath, easily chic, and short-term trend is often associated with the popular elements in a particular season, such as a particular color.Minxun (2012) po ints out that Esprit fabricates transition to be a fast fashion brand the key point is product design that is not tho new but also fast. It means Esprit should follow the fashion trends and meets the consumers demand to design products soon. In order to forecast the consumers taste, the Esprit designers should attend to few famous shows that contain the fashion ideas, trends and colors for the new seasons textile designs (David et al. , 2006). Esprit should not following other fashion brands, being the first one to entry new market. 4. Establish smaller-scale working(a) mode In traditional fashion companies, the total time in fabrication process is considerable which enormously pro spacious the order to deli rattling cycle. The underpinning reason for this long manufacturing time with child(p)ly lies in the batch-based takings and exile methods. Companies want to pursue terms-minimization and every step is quantities-processed separate from each other in the total manufa cturing process. In previous years, approximately 80 percent of Esprits business in Europe is the in large quantities rather than retail (Kailath T, 2002).This led to the European headquarters inclined resources to order-placing meetings. Esprits order-placing natterences from get-go devil times a year became four times a year, until the final 12 times a year, and each time there was three months for lead-time (Kailath T, 2002). The traditional economic batch-quantities methods could truly minimize their bell of manufacturing as well as the be of shipping. But this viewpoint of salute is too narrow and enterprises would ultimately lose their wages competitiveness compared with those fast-fashion brands.Esprit needs to change its breathing fictionalisation and shipping patterns urgently if the party attempts to transform its existing operational system. It must abandon its conventional economies of scale principle both in manufacturing stage and shipping stage. Fast chan ging, small amount and a high variety of products are shopworn for fast fashion brands. The successful fast fashion brand ZARA, it remains rough 30 percent of spare cogency rather than maximizing the use of its productiveness (Andres M, 2003).ZARA gives up the pursuit of economies of scale and takes small quantities of action and distribution methods. Whether ZARA and H & M, an unnaturally holdd shortage of supply, not solely helps berth defeat products lead-times but also encourages consumers to buy the commodities pronto. Also, small-scale exertion increased flexibility of the production line in order to better respond to changes of customer needs. If Esprit wants to transform into a fast fashion brand, it must abandon its conventional volume production style which just pursuing economies of scale.The follow should cut down its outputs and increase the transformation of products. The adoption of lour output and higher variety of production could help Esprit drive high er service levels in harm of availability at heart the shortest possible time. other critical problem in Esprits supply chain is its shipping time that largely delayed the time-to-serve. Companys former underpinning philosophy of pursuing the economies of scale kept the costs of shipping down to roughly extent, but may ultimately self-defeating for missing the best sales opportunities and increasing the risk of inventory.The best way to solve this problem is to accelerate the commodities manoeuvre speed even though leave some cost consideration. room represents to be fast. Take successful fast fashion brand ZARA for example, for the interestingness that products can be shipped to regions outside of Europe within 48 hours. The company is willing to pass two percent of high airfreight cost harm. In France, Germany, Italy, Spain and other EU countries, ZARA transport its products mainly by truck with an average of 36 hours to the chain stores.The sales in these areas soak u p 70 percent of companys total sales. As for the remaining 30 percent of sales, the company sends its products through air duct to distant countries and regions such as Asia for the sake of improving the transport speed (Marcelo R, 2011). ZARAs chain stores in China have their separate order rights the same as other stores all over the world, even a section save retain one piece of clothing, ZARA could also plight to send it to the store within 48 hours (Marcelo R, 2011). If Esprit wants to reform ts operational system and agnize much more profits in fashion market, the company must make efforts to curtail the products shipping time to gain competitive advantages compared with other fashion brands. Whats more, the shorter transporting time could help Esprit lower its supply chain risk. 4. 3 Lead-time slack by spry response outline libertine response dodging has been adopted by a growing number of fashion retailers in order to improve the companys competitive advantage. Es prit makes sales forecast and then outsources to third parties half a year in advance.However, the market environment may change during this period therefore, the lead-time must be shortened in order to risk decline. Figure 1 Merchandise, selective information and financial transfer with quick response Source taken from fond response in retail components and implementation (1995, P. 13) As we can see from figure 1, Customers go to the store to purchase the products or services they need. The purchasing information will be collected, such as style, color, and number. Then this get information would be sent to vendor for analyzing.Fernie (1994) suggests that the development of IT technology can ensure the implementation of the quick response dodging. For instance electronic data interchange (EDI). Suppliers manufacture products in accordance with the order requirements, deportee to retail stores through distribution channels. Esprit would be suggested to use the designs of thei r offshore suppliers. And Esprit buyers will make ultimate selects from these designs. Furthermore, the ultimate decisions making are based on analyzing historical sales data.In practice, celebrities, pop stars and fashion events have touch on the design of the products. In this way, a large amount of money and time will be saved. fast response strategy gives close attention to an effective and efficient delivery process of goods from suppliers to customers with minimum lead-time. It aims at the high profits, low risk, changing demand and attractive products. The short product life cycle, demand uncertainty and fierce competition are the characteristic of fashion industry. In this environment, market mediation is becoming more and more important. Fisher (1997, P. 07) point out that an accurate prediction makes a good match between the demand and supply of the products. The ultimate goal of the implementation of the quick response strategy is to meet the customers demand. therefor e, Esprit Buyers and sales staffs should track and analyze recent sales data promptly, so as to recognize the best-selling styles and slow-moving style. For these best-selling items, buyers could inform the suppliers design team to produce similar styles as quick as possible. For those slow-moving items, managers could take markdown or discount strategy, which could relieve the inventory pressures.In increment, when fashion companies choosing suppliers, the speed and flexibility should be taken into account, not just low cost (Fisher, 1997, P. 108). Esprit could combine local manufacturers with outsourcing to low-cost producers. More specifically, the high-tech products and core products could be make in local factories. As for sanctioned products, they could be produced in low-cost regions. For example, the suppliers of North Africa provide trendy clothing within three weeks at a low price (Birtwistle et al. , 2003) Indeed, multi-sourcing is a good way to outsource.Furthermore, the relationships among stakeholders entice the effect of the implementation of quick response strategy. On one hand, they are independent of each other on the other hand, they circumstances information and support each other. Figure 2 physically Efficient Versus Market-Responsive Supply bowed stringed instruments physically Efficient ProcessMarket-Responsive Process Primary shoot for Supply predictable demand efficiently at the lowest possible costRespond quickly to unpredictable demand in order to minimize stock outs, forced markdowns, and obsolete inventory Manufacturing focusMaintain high average exercising rateDeploy excess devotee capacity parentage trategyGenerate high turns and minimize inventory throughout the chain Deploy significant buffer stocks of parts or finished goods Lead-time focusShorten lead time as long as it doesnt increase costInvest aggressively in ways to reduce lead time Approach choosing suppliersSelect in general for cost and qualitySelect primari ly for speed, flexibility, and quality production-design strategyMaximize performance and minimize costUse modular design in order postpones product differentiation Source taken from What is the right supply chain for your product? (Fisher, 1997, P. 08) It can be seen from this chart, buyers concerned about the procurement budgets, discount management and increased margins. Manufactures pay more attention to the volume of orders, production scale, as well as timing. For distributors, the new products must be picked and delivered to consumer precisely, cheaply and as quickly as possible (Birtwistle et al. , 2003). By this way, Esprit would achieve the purpose of inventory reduction and short lead-time, as well as fewer forecast errors. 5. Advantages and disadvantages AdvantagesDisadvantages Design new products1.Occupy market share firstly and make profits 2. To be the market loss draw of fast fashion and gain consumer consignment. 1. New products are risky because of the uncerta in forecast. 2. The complex clothing manufacture lead to the high cost Establish smaller-scale operational mode 1. Decrease the lead-time in supply chain 2. Win more competitive advantages for the company 3. Decrease the risk of supply chain1. leave out the cost advantages that bought by the economies of scale 2. neglect part of the profits 3. Increased product ranges lead to the rising of cost Lead-time reduction by Quick response strategy . Reduce inaccurate forecasts 3. Helping to keep a preventative stock 4. sales and profits will be raise by quick response strategy 5. Consumers satisfaction will be improved1. To some extent, the product quality is ignored. 5. 1 Advantages 5. 1. 1 Advantages of designing new products First of all, short time-to-market leads to the sales increase. If a company can catch the first opportunity to conk new market, it would occupy the market share in the first time and be successful. Martin et al. (2004) consider that the supplier make the new products early will make greater profits than later.Otherwise, the early neophyte makes much less obsolescent stock. Secondly, early entrant can to be the market leader and gain consumer loyalty. Gabszewicz et al. (1992) indicated that brand loyalty does confer considerable first-mover advantage, consistent with unverbalised to follow results. If the Esprit can design the popular fashion clothing faster than others, it will be stand out in various fast fashion brands. After consumers admiring the risky design and amazing speed, it will fill in Zara and become the leader of fast fashion. In long term, consumer loyalty is very important to against the strong competition. . 1. 2 Advantages of establishing smaller-scale operational mode In manufacturing stage, the company should cut down its outputs and increase the types of products. This practice could fundamentally decreases the lead-time in supply chain and wins competitive advantages in this rapidly changing fashion market. te mporary hookup in shipping stage, the adoption of some faster transporting ways such as airways and the establishment of a much quicker delivery system could not only shorten the lead-time but also improve delivery flexibility to cope with various changes.The shipping system will necessarily occur transport breakdown collect to some unexpected situations such as bad weather conditions. The traditional bulk imparting would unavoidably suffer large losses when facing such cases. However, the smaller-amount modes of transportation can minimize such losses to a certain extent. 5. 1. 3 Advantages of quick response strategy Esprit will clear lot from quick response strategy. Firstly, it can reduce inaccurate forecasts base on the previous sales data. Secondly, it could be very helpful to keep a safety stock. Thirdly, sales and profits will be boost by this strategy.Last but not least, consumer satisfaction will be improved. These benefits will enhance the competitive advantage. 5. 2 Disadvantages 5. 2. 1 Disadvantages of designing new products following fashion shows Shelby, H (2011) consider that the new product innovation is risky comes from the observation that only a fraction of new products become commercial success. Even though the new products are design depending on the consumers demand, it is hard to collect all the consumers hobby. On the other word, sometimes the survey data shows only represent a part of consumers taste.It is very difficult to make sure that others are willing to buy the new products. It has been estimated, for instance, that between 60 and 90 percent of new products end their totally withdrawn or left unsupported (Booz et al, 1968). So it has a high risk to be the number one or the fastest one which produce the new design clothing. fade et al (2011) points that with the increasing number of new products introduced more frequently as well as the smaller volumes per product, the pool of skills requisite for clothing manufacturing is becoming more complex. It leads to high-cost as the result.For the different new design clothing, suppliers should change the supply chain frequently. That will cost a lot and cant sell in high price that result in making teeny profit. 5. 2. 2 Disadvantages of establishing smaller-scale operational mode The solutions showed higher up in time-to-serve part are not without their inherent shortcomings. First of all, the company would lose its cost advantage that bought by the economies of scale. Then, because of the lower yields, companys production may not be able to meet the demand of the market. As a result, Esprit may lose this part of profits.Last but not least, company has to invest much more money to transfigure companys product range as well as create a much quicker transportation system. All these innovations would average up products costs ultimately. 5. 2. 3 Disadvantage of quick response strategy Quick response strategy emphasizes particularly on fast and effective. To some extent, the product quality is ignored. For instance, the multi-sourcing is difficult to take in charge uniform quality, and inevitably rejects into the market, that would lead to customer dissatisfaction and the frequently returns. 6. ComparisonSimilaritiesDifferences Design new products VS Establish smaller-scale operational mode 1. Shorten the lead-times 2. reasonable up the cost of products unlike influence on risk Establish smaller-scale operational mode VS Quick response strategy 1. Speed up the distribution cycle 2. Improve consumers satisfaction 3. Decrease inventory risk Different influence on cost Design new products VS Quick response strategy 1. Boost sales and margins 2. Enhance the brand loyalty Different influence on risk 6. 1Design new products VS Establish smaller-scale operational mode There are ome similarities between these two solutions. On the one hand, both of them aim at shorten the lead-times in the supply chain. On the other hand, the two solutions would average up the cost of products. The obvious difference between these two solutions is the influence on risk. The solution proposed in time-to-market part would increase the products risk, while in another solution, supply chains risk would be reduced. 6. 2Establish smaller-scale operational mode VS Quick response strategy The similarities between Time-to-serve and Time-to-react can be presented in three aspects.Fundamentally, these two solutions all speed up the distribution cycle that from manufacturing to the end-customers. Next, consumers satisfaction would be improved. Last, they all could help Esprit to decrease inventory risk. Their main difference lies in cost. Solution proposed in Time-to-serve section would cut down companys cost while another one would increase it. 6. 3Design new products VS Quick response strategy The brand loyalty would be intensify by these two methods. In addition to this, the sales and margins would be boosted. These advantages would make the company stand out in various fashion brands.As the mentioned former solution preceding(prenominal) that there is a hazard about the risky new products. Nevertheless, the later one lowers the risk of products management. 7. Conclusion In this paper, fashion supply systems are characterized by three critical lead-times time-to-market, time-to-serve and time-to-react, which are highly essential to building up an agile supply chain. However, in the consideration of the current fast fashion industry and the todays situation of Esprit, how to react to the target market in the right time is a priority that Esprit should mainly focus on.As robe markets have become more wide-ranging and changeable in the present retail environment, there is a transition from a production-driven to a market-driven approach in the fashion industry. (Bhardwaj, 2009) Hence, in order to survive, Esprit has to sustain competitive objectives by ensuring the brand meet the market demand. The quick repose strategy is a must for Esprit to equip it with agility to vie against the leading fast fashion brands at its first step. Reference Baker, R. (2008). sell sector focus-fashionfollowing fast fashion. merchandising magazines , 37. Birtwistle, G. , Siddiqui, N. , & Fiorito, S. S. 2003). Quick responseperceptions of UK fashion retailers. global daybook of Retail & dispersion direction , pp. 118-128. Christopher, M. , Lowson, R. , & Peck, H. 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